Blockchain works as a decentralised digital ledger that records transactions across a network of computers, ensuring transparency and security without relying on a central authority. Each transaction is grouped into a “block” which is then cryptographically linked to the previous one, forming a chronological “chain.” Once added, these blocks can’t be altered without consensus from the network, making the system highly resistant to tampering or fraud. This structure enables trust between participants and serves as the foundation for cryptocurrencies, smart contracts, and many Web3 applications.

Blockchain takes database infrastructure, data sharing, and information liquidity to a level never seen before. Blockchain technology comes in multiple forms, most popularly, public blockchains (such as the Bitcoin blockchain and the Ethereum blockchain, as well as hundreds of others), as well as consortium blockchains and private blockchains, which provided hundred of value-adding opportunities for business, enterprise, and organisation use-cases.

Web3 (or Web 3.0) is the next evolution of the internet that uses blockchain technology to create a decentralised, user-owned digital ecosystem. Unlike today’s Web 2.0 where large corporations control data and platforms Web3 allows individuals to directly own digital assets, control their data, and participate in governance through decentralised applications (dApps) and tokens, enabling a more transparent, secure, and community-driven online experience.

Decentralisation is the shift from traditional, centralised systems (like banks, corporations, or databases controlled by one authority) to networks where control and data are distributed among many participants. In the context of blockchain, Web3, digital assets, and tokenisation, decentralisation replaces the need for a single database or middleman with a shared, tamper-resistant ledger that the public (or permissioned entities) can access and verify.

This new model transforms how information, value, and ownership are exchanged online. Instead of trusting a single organisation to store or approve data, decentralised systems rely on transparent code, consensus mechanisms, and cryptographic security, creating a new frontier for how the internet manages and transfers data, assets, and trust.

A smart contract is a self-executing program stored on a blockchain that automatically enforces the terms of an agreement when predefined conditions are met. Unlike traditional contracts that rely on intermediaries like lawyers or banks, smart contracts use code to handle transactions directly between parties, ensuring trust, transparency, and efficiency.

Once deployed, the contract operates autonomously, executing actions such as transferring funds, issuing tokens, or verifying ownership (without human intervention). Because all actions are recorded on the blockchain, smart contracts are tamper-proof and verifiable, making them the foundation for many decentralised applications (dApps) and services in the Web3 and DeFi ecosystems.

A cryptocurrency is a native digital asset that exists directly on a blockchain, meaning it isn’t created or added to the network later like a token, it is integral to the blockchain’s core protocol. Cryptocurrencies serve as the economic layer of their respective blockchains, providing the incentive mechanism that secures and sustains decentralised networks. Examples include Bitcoin (BTC) on the Bitcoin blockchain and Ether (ETH) on Ethereum.

In the broader digital asset ecosystem, cryptocurrencies represent the foundational form of value exchange, enabling peer-to-peer transactions, rewarding network participation, and acting as the native currency for on-chain operations such as transaction fees, staking, or governance.

A stablecoin is a type of cryptocurrency designed to maintain a stable value by being pegged to a reserve asset, such as a fiat currency like the U.S. dollar, a commodity like gold, or a basket of assets. Unlike cryptocurrencies that tend to be volatile (such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, and others), stablecoins use mechanisms to keep their price consistent, either by holding actual reserves (fiat-backed), using crypto collateral (crypto-backed), or employing algorithms that adjust supply and demand (algorithmic).

When demand increases, new coins may be issued; when it decreases, coins are removed from circulation. This stability makes stablecoins useful for payments, remittances, and trading within the blockchain ecosystem without exposure to extreme price fluctuations.

Tokenisation is the process of converting real-world assets such as money, property, stocks, or even art into digital tokens on a blockchain. Each token represents ownership or a share of the underlying asset and can be traded, transferred, or divided more easily than traditional forms of ownership.

This technology increases liquidity, reduces transaction costs, and enables fractional ownership, allowing more people to invest in assets that were previously difficult to access. In essence, tokenisation bridges the gap between physical and digital economies by turning real assets into secure, blockchain-based digital representations.

Digital assets are electronic forms of value or content that can be created, stored, and traded digitally, often using blockchain technology for security and verification. They include cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that represent ownership of unique digital items, and tokenised real-world assets such as stocks, real estate, or commodities.

Beyond blockchain, digital assets can also refer to data-driven resources like digital art, videos, or intellectual property stored online. What sets blockchain-based digital assets apart is their verifiable ownership, transferability, and transparency, enabling new forms of economic activity and investment in the digital economy.